LA BIOTECNOLOGĂA EN LA AGRICULTURA
JosĂŠ Ignacio Cubero
Revista Sistema nÂş 179-180. OpiniĂłn pĂşblica y biotecnologĂa –Â Marzo 2004 – pĂĄgs. 15-30
Resumen
No existe una sola agricultura sino varias, de las que se analizan, en relaciĂłn con el papel que la biotecnologĂa pueda jugar en ellas, la tecnificada, la de subsistencia, la ecolĂłgica o biolĂłgica y la sostenible. Cada tipo de agricultura exige un distinto patrĂłn de variedades y tĂŠcnicas de mejora genĂŠtica apropiadas. La nueva agricultura que se necesita requiere, pues, nuevos mĂŠtodos de mejora que la biotecnologĂa es capaz de aportar. Se han conseguido asĂ variedades transgĂŠnicas, a las que se les ha introducido uno o muy pocos genes procedentes de otro organismo. Son una oferta mĂĄs, pero valiosa, para la agricultura, ocupando ya unos sesenta millones de hectĂĄreas en el mundo. Se comentan las principales consecuencias, asĂ como las caracterĂsticas que un agricultor debe saber sobre ellas y las principales cuestiones que su uso ha provocado.
Palabras clave:Â variedades transgĂŠnicas, patrĂłn varietal, mejora genĂŠtica, subsistencia, producciĂłn ecolĂłgica, sostenibilidad, ecofundamentalismo
Abstract
Four agricultures (the “scientific” one currently used in developed countries and the subsistence, organic and sustainable agricultures) are reviewed in relation with the possible role that the biotechnology can play on them. Each agriculture requires a different varietal pattern and appropiated plant breeding methods. Thus, the new agricultura now required needs new breeding techniques as those provided by the biotechnology. By using them, novel (transgenic) varieties have been obtained by introducing in them a single (or very few) gene(s) form any other organism. The represent just a new offer, although a very valueable one, and are already currently sown in some sixty million hectares in the world. The main biotechnological products for agriculture are briefly commented, as well as some aspects a farmer should know about them and the main questions their use has raised.
Key words:Â transgenic varieties, variant pattern, strain selection, subsistence, ecological production, sustainability, ecofundamentalism.



